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Commit 9fc22c37 authored by Ashrith Sagar Yedlapalli's avatar Ashrith Sagar Yedlapalli :speech_balloon:
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c0.1.108 Implementation reveal-on-scroll

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<p>The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United States has reported that about 35% of the global aquaculture
harvest is either lost or emaciated [1]. Significant <b>economic losses</b> are reported by pathogens in the
water,
responsible for inducing lethal diseases.[2]</p>
<p>From our Human Practice visits and Integrated Human Practice meetings, we found out that vibriosis is a disease
that surges in commercial units due to higher impact of the <b>stress factors</b>. It is also quite prominent in
cultivating setups and stages. Hence, ceasing this infection in its initial stages was necessary. Our solution,
AMPifin, was created specifically for the aforementioned reasons.
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United States has reported that about 35% of
the global aquaculture harvest is either lost or emaciated [1]. Significant <b>economic losses</b> are reported by
pathogens in the water, responsible for inducing lethal diseases.[2]</p>
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">From our Human Practice visits and Integrated Human Practice meetings, we found out that
vibriosis is a disease that surges in commercial units due to higher impact of the <b>stress factors</b>. It is also
quite prominent in cultivating setups and stages. Hence, ceasing this infection in its initial stages was necessary.
Our solution, AMPifin, was created specifically for the aforementioned reasons.
</p>
<p><b>Accessibility and affordability</b> to a wide range of technologically advanced treatment methods is still an
area of deficit. Antibiotics are no longer effective against numerous pathogenic diseases in aquaculture systems
[3].
<p class="reveal-on-scroll"><b>Accessibility and affordability</b> to a wide range of technologically advanced
treatment methods is still an area of deficit. Antibiotics are no longer effective against numerous pathogenic
diseases in aquaculture systems [3].
</p>
<p>In an effort to prevent them from facing any future economic loss, we propose them to be one of the many end
users
of our product. </p>
<p>After successfully designing our peptide in-silico, we needed a <b>delivery mechanism</b> that could be
implemented
after
successful Wet Lab testing.
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">In an effort to prevent them from facing any future economic loss, we propose them to be
one of the many end users of our product. </p>
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">After successfully designing our peptide in-silico, we needed a <b>delivery mechanism</b>
that could be implemented after successful Wet Lab testing.
</p>
<h2>Chitosan Nanoparticle Encapsulation</h2>
<p>Chitosan nanoparticle encapsulation is our chosen delivery mechanism. Chitosan is an N-acetyl derivative of
chitin.
It has been widely explored in the field of <b>drug delivery, food processing industry</b> and has been reported
to
exhibit
<b>immunomodulatory properties</b> [4].
<h2 class="reveal-on-scroll">Chitosan Nanoparticle Encapsulation</h2>
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">Chitosan nanoparticle encapsulation is our chosen delivery mechanism. Chitosan is an
N-acetyl derivative of chitin. It has been widely explored in the field of <b>drug delivery, food processing
industry</b> and has been reported to exhibit <b>immunomodulatory properties</b> [4].
</p>
<p>Chitosan nanoparticles, in particular, have gained attention in drug delivery due to their properties
like—enhanced
<b>stability, low toxicity, biocompatible and biodegradable</b> [5], simple and mild preparation methods and
flexible
administration routes due to their sub-micron size [6].
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">Chitosan nanoparticles, in particular, have gained attention in drug delivery due to their
properties like—enhanced <b>stability, low toxicity, biocompatible and biodegradable</b> [5], simple and mild
preparation methods and flexible administration routes due to their sub-micron size [6].
</p>
<p>The interaction studies would determine the nuances of the delivery mechanism, helping us obtain the optimum
concentration of our peptide and subsequently decide the dosage parameters.
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">The interaction studies would determine the nuances of the delivery mechanism, helping us
obtain the optimum concentration of our peptide and subsequently decide the dosage parameters.
</p>
<ol>
Chitosan nanoparticles are usually incorporated with the drug in two ways:
<li>By addition of the drug to the chitosan solution</li>
<ol class="reveal-on-scroll"> Chitosan nanoparticles are usually incorporated with the drug in two ways: <li>By
addition of the drug to the chitosan solution</li>
<li>By addition/loading of the drug onto the chitosan nanoparticles formed from ionic gelation</li>
</ol>
<p>Various procedures exist for the making of CSNPs, such as—Ionic gelation, Microemulsion, Reverse micellar,
Emulsification diffusion solvent, Polyelectrolyte complex method, etc [7].
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">Various procedures exist for the making of CSNPs, such as—Ionic gelation, Microemulsion,
Reverse micellar, Emulsification diffusion solvent, Polyelectrolyte complex method, etc [7].
</p>
<h2>Delivery Setup</h2>
<p>RAS stands for <b>Recirculatory Aquaculture System</b>. The speciality of this system is that the water is
recycled
and
reused after subjecting it to certain treatment steps. These steps are used for high-density culture of various
species of fish which make use of minimum land area and water.
<h2 class="reveal-on-scroll">Delivery Setup</h2>
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">RAS stands for <b>Recirculatory Aquaculture System</b>. The speciality of this system is
that the water is recycled and reused after subjecting it to certain treatment steps. These steps are used for
high-density culture of various species of fish which make use of minimum land area and water.
</p>
<p>A standard RAS comprises several <b>filter designs</b> which remove metabolic wastes, excess nutrients, solids,
etc
in an
effort to provide good water quality for aquatic life. India has seen a boom in the application of RAS in the
industry in the past decade for <b>sustainable practices</b> [8]. This is where AMPifin finds its most appropriate
application.
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">A standard RAS comprises several <b>filter designs</b> which remove metabolic wastes,
excess nutrients, solids, etc in an effort to provide good water quality for aquatic life. India has seen a boom in
the application of RAS in the industry in the past decade for <b>sustainable practices</b> [8]. This is where
AMPifin finds its most appropriate application.
</p>
<p>Given the standard design and features of an RAS, it is easy to integrate our peptide as a solution to vibriosis
in
the fish. We came up with a setup such that our peptide encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles would be immobilised
onto a <b>Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) mesh</b>. This mesh would be subjected to the inlet of the pipe of the RAS.
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">Given the standard design and features of an RAS, it is easy to integrate our peptide as a
solution to vibriosis in the fish. We came up with a setup such that our peptide encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles
would be immobilised onto a <b>Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) mesh</b>. This mesh would be subjected to the inlet of the
pipe of the RAS.
</p>
<p>Shown below is the design of the future implementation of our product:
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">Shown below is the design of the future implementation of our product:
</p>
<figure class="figure">
<img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4200/wiki/implementation/cad-design-implementation.jpeg"
<figure class="figure reveal-on-scroll"> <img
src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4200/wiki/implementation/cad-design-implementation.jpeg"
class="figure-img img-fluid rounded" alt="CAD design of delivery set-up incorporated in a RAS model">
<figcaption class="figure-caption text-center">
Fig 1: CAD design of delivery set-up incorporated in a RAS model.
<figcaption class="figure-caption text-center"> Fig 1: CAD design of delivery set-up incorporated in a RAS model.
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Initially our design was going to be a single thin mesh covered with our peptide loaded chitosan nanoparticles.
In
the many HP visits that we had, we realised that it is difficult to make use of thin meshes as a filter due to the
influence of the high flow rate. In such conditions, there are chances that the turbulent flow will wear off the
mesh.
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">Initially our design was going to be a single thin mesh covered with our peptide loaded
chitosan nanoparticles. In the many HP visits that we had, we realised that it is difficult to make use of thin
meshes as a filter due to the influence of the high flow rate. In such conditions, there are chances that the
turbulent flow will wear off the mesh.
</p>
<p>Hence, a sustainable way to integrate this mesh was by introducing a thicker mesh stack at the bypass. In
accordance with the RAS systems widely used in the industry [9], we plan on integrating our mesh accordingly. </p>
<figure class="figure">
<img src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4200/wiki/implementation/igem-mit-mahe-delivery-set-up.png"
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">Hence, a sustainable way to integrate this mesh was by introducing a thicker mesh stack at
the bypass. In accordance with the RAS systems widely used in the industry [9], we plan on integrating our mesh
accordingly. </p>
<figure class="figure reveal-on-scroll"> <img
src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4200/wiki/implementation/igem-mit-mahe-delivery-set-up.png"
class="figure-img img-fluid rounded" alt="Final flow of the delivery mechanism" width="40%">
<figcaption class="figure-caption text-center">
Fig 2: Final flow of the delivery mechanism.
</figcaption>
<figcaption class="figure-caption text-center"> Fig 2: Final flow of the delivery mechanism. </figcaption>
</figure>
<p>The mesh stack will be subjected to the bypass of the inlet pipe, connecting between the reservoir and the first
tank. This would subject all the water flowing into the tanks for the fish, to interact with our peptide that will
gradually be released into the water. </p>
<p class="reveal-on-scroll">The mesh stack will be subjected to the bypass of the inlet pipe, connecting between the
reservoir and the first tank. This would subject all the water flowing into the tanks for the fish, to interact with
our peptide that will gradually be released into the water. </p>
<h2 class="reveal-on-scroll">References</h2>
<h2>References</h2>
<ol>
<ol class="reveal-on-scroll">
<li>[1] The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. FAO, 2020. doi: 10.4060/ca9229en.</li>
<li>[2] T. Håstein, A. D. Scarfe, and V. L. Lund, “Science-based assessment of welfare: aquatic animals.,” Rev.
Sci.
<li>[2] T. Håstein, A. D. Scarfe, and V. L. Lund, “Science-based assessment of welfare: aquatic animals.,” Rev. Sci.
Tech., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 529–47, Aug. 2005.</li>
<li>[3] A. Assefa and F. Abunna, “Maintenance of Fish Health in Aquaculture: Review of Epidemiological Approaches
for Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Fish,” Vet. Med. Int., vol. 2018, pp. 1–10, 2018, doi:
......@@ -118,8 +100,7 @@
<li>[6] V. Mikušová and P. Mikuš, “Advances in Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery,” Int. J. Mol. Sci.
2021, Vol. 22, Page 9652, vol. 22, no. 17, p. 9652, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.3390/IJMS22179652.</li>
<li>[7] A. Mesa, G. S. S. Mythatha, R. S. Lodi, S. Ravuri, and R. Balli, “Chitosan Nanoparticles: An Overview on
Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications,” 2021, pp. 393–427. doi:
10.1007/978-981-15-9916-3_17.
Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications,” 2021, pp. 393–427. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-9916-3_17.
</li>
<li>[8] National Fisheries Development Board, “RECENT TRENDS IN AQUACULTURE Recirculatory Aquaculture System
(RAS).”, Available: https://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/RAS%20RT.pdf</li>
......@@ -127,7 +108,6 @@
https://www.innovasea.com/ras-roundtable-feeding-strategies-to-maintain-optimal-water-quality-and-fish-performance/
(accessed Oct. 11, 2022).</li>
</ol>
</div>
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