<p> UV radiation poses a threat to many populations, from astronauts to marine organisms, in the form of DNA damage in cells. The primary sources of UV radiation are the sun and artificial sources such as tanning beds, mercury-vapor lighting, and certain types of lasers. UV radiation is divided into three types based on wavelength: UVA, UVB, and UVC. Among these, UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) reach the Earth's surface, while UVC (100-290 nm) is absorbed by the ozone layer and does not penetrate the atmosphere. When astronauts are in space, there is no atmosphere to protect them from the UVC, posing an immediate threat to humans for space exploration [1].</p>
<p> The UV radiation may then cause DNA damage, which could lead to harmful mutations that interfere with normal cellular processes [5]. The problem of UV radiation is particularly common and severe in regions with high sun exposure, such as equatorial zones and areas with reduced ozone concentration. Ozone depletion has exacerbated the problem, leading to increased UVB levels, which are more biologically harmful than UVA. This increase in UV radiation poses significant health risks, including skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system suppression. Skin cancer, particularly melanoma, has seen rising incidence rates globally, correlating with increased UV exposure [2]. Non-melanoma skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are also prevalent and linked to cumulative UV exposure [3]. </p>
