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<figcaption><b>Figure 4. </b> ALI cultures of hNECs: The active cilia beat frequency of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) in air-liquid interface (ALI) culture is visible. This ciliary movement is crucial for mucociliary transport, which contributes to the clearance of particles and pathogens in the respiratory tract. </figcaption>
<figcaption><b>Figure 5. </b> Apical-Out Airway Organoid (AOAO) culture: Visible apical-out airway organoids in action. These 3D structures, which mimic the airway epithelium, allow detailed study of cellular processes such as mucociliary transport and secretory activities, in which cilia and vesicles play a key role. </figcaption>