Update file experiments.html

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@@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ that expresses enzymes HpaB and HpaC or the 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygena
 <p>To detect the cell viability inside the hydrogels, we applied bacterial and yeast cells with fluorescent protein expression to our candidate hydrogels and accessed the cell viability based on the fluorescence intensity emitted by cells. Our testing is based on the fact that a stronger intensity of fluorescent signal from cells indicates more viable cells emitting fluorescent light. Applying this test, we were able to measure cell growth over time in the hydrogels, which help provide valuable data to support the hardware team. </p>
 
   <h5>Background</h5>
+  <br>
   <p>Bacterial cells have the capacity to undergo division approximately every 20 minutes in laboratory settings, particularly under aerobic and nutrient-rich conditions, thereby enabling exponential cell proliferation [1]. It is imperative to note that this exponential growth phenomenon is finite, primarily due to limitations associated with high cell concentrations, which impede further population expansion [2]. Typically, the growth of bacterial populations is graphically represented using a growth curve [2]. </p><br>
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@@ -243,12 +244,12 @@ that expresses enzymes HpaB and HpaC or the 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygena
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-  <h5>Goal</h5>
+  <h5>Goal</h5><br>
   <p>Our objectives encompass the assessment of cell growth dynamics within hydrogel matrices, the identification of the most conductive hydrogel substrate for cell proliferation, and the determination of the optimal <em> E. coli </em> and <em> S. cerevisiae </em> ratios to enhance rosmarinic acid production. </p>
 
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-  <h5>Assumptions</h5>
+  <h5>Assumptions</h5><br>
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     <li>Each cell emits the identical intensity of fluorescent signals since they are from the same strains.</li>
     <li>Detected fluorescent intensity is proportional to the number of viable cells. </li>
@@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ that expresses enzymes HpaB and HpaC or the 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygena
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-  <h5>Results</h5>
+  <h5>Results</h5><br>
   <br>
 <p><u>Results of Fluorescence Testing: </u></p>
   <p>Basic validation of cell growth was confirmed by comparing the increase of fluorescent intensity for LB liquid media with and without green fluorescent protein (GFP). The boost of fluorescent intensity must be created by the cell growth of <em> E. coli </em> with GFP (GFP bacteria) (Figure 2). Error bars in all the following figures are standard error bars. </p>
@@ -322,7 +323,7 @@ that expresses enzymes HpaB and HpaC or the 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygena
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-  <h5>Discussion</h5>
+  <h5>Discussion</h5><br>
   <p>Fluorescence intensity was employed as a quantitative measure for evaluating cell growth, and the successful expression of fluorescent proteins was observed in both <em> S. cerevisiae </em> and <em> E. coli </em>. Our experimental findings reveal that among the bioink options tested, alginate demonstrates superior suitability for <em> E. coli </em>. In the case of <em> S. cerevisiae </em>, the optimal bioink choice remains undetermined based on our testing so far. Ultimately, the hardware team resolved to employ 4% alginate as the preferred bioink. Limited printability of collagen due to high temperature sensitivity and high cost of GelMA make them incompatible with the objective of achieving a large-scale biosynthesis and an accessible DIY bioengineering system. In our results, fluorescence started to increase at a later time. We believe it was because cells required some time to adapt to the new hydrogel environment from the comfortable liquid media condition. It is noteworthy that, while our test results did not indicate support for yeast cell growth in the 4% alginate bioink, our decision to employ alginate is substantiated by the work of Antonio Bevilacqua et al., who successfully maintained yeast cell viability within alginate beads for extended durations [9].</p>
   <p>It is important to note a significant limitation in our approach: our methodology does not allow for the determination of the relative number of viable cells. This limitation arises from the persistence of expressed fluorescent proteins even after cell death, rendering fluorescence intensity an imperfect way for viable cell count. Nevertheless, our testing did reveal comparable overall growth patterns, despite this inherent constraint.</p>