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{% block page_content %}
<div class="page">
<div class="container">
- <div class="article">
+ <div class="article en-indent">
<h1 class="content-header">Implementation</h1>
<section>
- <h2></h2>
+ <h2>Overview</h2>
<p>
+ Studies show that not only is heavy metal pollution a severe issue, it is also prevalent around the world,
+ especially in water sources. Furthermore, water contamination may accumulate in soils and sediments. In China,
+ around 16.1% of arable land is potentially contaminated by heavy metals. According to statistics, heavy metal
+ contamination has led to an annual reduction of more than 10 million tons of grain production in China, and
+ more than 1200 tons of grain are contaminated by heavy metals each year, resulting in a cumulative economic
+ loss of 20 billion yuan.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ However, the detection instruments and equipment are usually expensive and difficult to operate. Therefore,
+ most of the population it still difficult to detect heavy metals by themselves. To provide a more convenient
+ and cheaper approach to address this problem, our team designs a whole-cell biosensor kit that can test heavy
+ metal content conveniently and readily.
+ </p>
+ </section>
+ <section>
+ <h2>Target Users</h2>
+ <p>
+ Our product aims to provide sustainable biosensors for consumers who are potentially exposed to heavy metal
+ pollutants, Per our investigation, huge amounts of heavy metal pollutants are released into the environment,
+ contaminating the earth which means our testing equipment is available for all aspects of society for very
+ wide target groups, mainly including those people living around factories or people relying on underground
+ water that may be contaminated. For some individual fishermen's fast water testing and living environment may
+ contain heavy metals, most of the general public is not willing to spend a lot of money to test the water
+ source or food for heavy metals, not to mention some of them might be not aware of or not pay attention to
+ heavy metal pollution.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Since the current heavy metal testing process in the market is complicated and expensive, our product is a
+ portable detection kit with quite a lower price that can quickly and easily detect the presence of heavy
+ metals. Thus, our product will be more attractive to those individual aquaculture farmers and the general
+ public who have a requirement for drinking water. By utilizing our heavy metal detection kit, our customers
+ could easily and rapidly detect the presence of heavy metal pollution in food or water to avoid further harm
+ to health.
</p>
</section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h2>Product</h2>
+
+ <section>
+ <h3 class="upper"><u>Engineering Principle</u></h3>
+ <p>
+ Our project's aim is to create a biosensor in order to detect the heavy metal cadmium, zinc, and arsenic.
+ For cadmium and zinc, we utilize the operon CadA to express reporter feruloyl esterase in Bacillus subtilis.
+ Specifically, the CadA functions as an energy-dependent cadmium efflux ATPase and a metal-induced protein.
+ The repressor CzrA inhibited CadA. However, Cd2+ competitively binds to CzrA, thus enabling the reporter
+ feruloyl esterase to be expressed.
+ </p>
+ <div class="imager">
+ <img class="rw-65"
+ src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4288/wiki/implementation/t-fujian-united-implementation-01.jpg"
+ alt="">
+ <span class="figure">
+ <i>
+ The principle of the pET28a-Biosensor Function
+ </i>
+ </span>
+ </div>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h3><u>Product Concept</u></h3>
+ <div class="imager">
+ <img class="rw-50"
+ src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4288/wiki/implementation/t-fujian-united-implementation-02.jpg"
+ alt="">
+ <span class="figure">
+ <i>
+ Operation procedure of our biosensor
+ </i>
+ </span>
+ </div>
+ <p class="indent-0">
+ As shown above, follow the below steps to use our biosensor:
+ </p>
+ <ol class="l-top-05 text-justify">
+ <li>Take out the bottle of our biosensor E.coli and the supplementary;</li>
+ <li>Collect the water sample and add it to the biosensor bottle;</li>
+ <li>Add the supplementary (4-NPB);</li>
+ <li>4ix the solution and wait for around 2 hours: no change means negative, otherwise positive (blue for Cd
+ presence; green for As presence);
+ </li>
+ <li>Heat or use chemical disinfectant to disinfect the solution;</li>
+ <li>Dispose of the solution and throw the tube into the container</li>
+ </ol>
+ <br>
+ <p class="indent-0">
+ Compared to current heavy metal detection instruments, our product has below features and advantages:
+ </p>
+ <ul class="l-top-05">
+ <li>Direct detection</li>
+ <li>Portability</li>
+ <li>Biodegradability</li>
+ <li>Easy operation</li>
+ <li>Affordability</li>
+ <li>General Accessibility (no specific license required)</li>
+ </ul>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h2>Safety Concerns</h2>
+ <p>
+ Safety is the most regarded issue for H-Metal Silence throughout the entire project.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The whole process of our experiment adheres to the principle of safety, which not only meets the ethical
+ requirements of scientific research, but also ensures the guarantee of the experimental personnel and the
+ experimental environment during the entire experimental process. All the designs and operations strictly
+ follow the lab procedures and official guidelines. While we ensure biological, chemical, and general lab
+ safety, the heavy metal samples were disposed of correctly.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Finally, our final product will be the biosensor for heavy metal detection which includes our live engineered
+ bacteria and its supplementary. To avoid any leak by improper operation, we will require every user to read
+ our operation procedure before purchasing our product. However, we still have safety risks for current version
+ of our product.
+ </p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h2>Challenges</h2>
+
+ <section>
+ <h3 class="upper"><u>Technically</u></h3>
+ <p>
+ Recombinant bacteria containing our vector hold the risk of spreading antibiotic resistance via horizontal
+ gene transfer if the product is not disposed of correctly (if left undisinfected or improperly operated).
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Due to the potential complexity of the sample, it may be necessary to perform a pre-treatment of the sample
+ to ensure the accuracy of the test. This is one of the problems we need to solve to make our products more
+ convenient for users.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ So far we have not settled down on the method to quantify our detection results and further make them
+ visualized which will make our detection results more rigorous and reliable.
+ </p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h3><u>Marketing</u></h3>
+ <p>
+ Nowadays actually there are many research groups and technology companies working on the related biosensor
+ development, thus we need to speed up our product development so as to enter the market earlier and further
+ quickly establish a brand and upstream and downstream supply chains.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ In addition, although we are aware of the serious heavy metal pollution issue, there still exist a lot of
+ people not aware of this according to our survey. A major challenge we are facing is how to improve
+ everyone's awareness of the prevention and control of heavy metals and start to pay attention to the harm of
+ heavy metals to the body and the environment. Only in this way can our products be recognized by the public.
+ </p>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h2>Future Plan</h2>
+ <p>
+ To overcome those challenges listed above, we also addressed future plans accordingly as follows:
+ </p>
+
+ <section>
+ <h3><u>Technically</u></h3>
+ <p>
+ To avoid the leak of our engineered bacteria due to being undisinfected or improperly operated, firstly we
+ will consult with more experts to establish a Cell-Free Expression System that requires no live bacteria so
+ as to deal with the root risk.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ To make the operation more user-friendly, we will modify the detection kit set, like adding another easy
+ part for preprocessing samples.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Besides, we will conduct more performance tests and further figure out the relation between heavy metal
+ concentration and other variables, like fluorescence intensity. This might help us to develop the method to
+ quantify the detection results in the future.
+ </p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h3><u>Marketing</u></h3>
+ <p>
+ The purpose of raising awareness of heavy metals through publicity is to increase the demand and popularity
+ of our products and expand the scale of the market. At a time when Chinese society is increasingly concerned
+ about the health and environmental safety, we will first improve our awareness through the popularization of
+ knowledge and publicity by spokespersons. In addition, we will spread the concept and attributes of our
+ products to them through some promotional strategies, such as advertisements, so as to expand the market as
+ much as possible.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Through our investigation, we found that most of the popular products in the market are heavy metal
+ treatment facilities, and they are usually large machines. The price of these products is relatively high
+ and the throughput is large. Compared with their products, our advantage is cheap and portable. We are
+ expected to enter the market with our simple operation and low price as the testing market grows year by
+ year. We could predict the rapid growth of our product in some specific areas where we could take initiative
+ to capture the market.
+ </p>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section class="indent-0">
+ <h2>Reference</h2>
+
+ <p>[1]Ali, M. M. , Hossain, D., Al-Imran, A., Khan, M. S. , Begum, M., & Osman, M. H. (2021). Environmental
+ Pollution with Heavy Metals: A Public Health Concern. In M. K. Nazal, & H. Zhao (Eds.), Heavy Metals - Their
+ Environmental Impacts and Mitigation. IntechOpen.</p>
+ <p>[2]Chung, J. Y., Yu, S. D., & Hong, Y. S. (2014). Environmental source of arsenic exposure. Journal of
+ preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi, 47(5), 253–257.</p>
+ <p>[3]Kubier, A., Wilkin, R. T., & Pichler, T. (2019). Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review. Applied
+ geochemistry: journal of the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, 108, 1– 16.</p>
+ </section>
</div>
</div>
</div>