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The SARS-CoV-2 has been raging for three years, and humanity has already lost so much due to the havoc. Many people lose their jobs, some children lose their protective families, some suffer from depression, and even some elderly people die of neglect or starve to death at home. [1]

White flags with messages in memory of loved ones are placed on the lawn near the Washington Monument in Washington, the capital of the United States, on September 17, 2021, to pay tribute to the COVID-19 victims in the country. Xinhua News Agency reporter Liu Jie
Just when we thought the fog of the pandemic was lifting and humanity was finally seeing the light, new variants of the novel coronavirus have a new way of eluding the human immune system.So far, there have been hundreds of variants of the novel coronavirus .[2]

Haplotype network analysis using genome-wide single-nucleotide variations of VOC Gamma in the world. The VOC Gamma were compared with GISAID-available SARS-CoV-2 genomes (n = 1502, updated on October 09, 2021). (A) The Pango lineages of VOC Gamma. The lineages are marked with different colors. (B) The countries distribution of VOC Gamma. The colors represent different countries. Scale lengths represent the genetic distance.
They’ve got better camouflage. Can escape the immune response and even reduce the effect of the vaccine. [2] So that the development of a vaccine has been outpaced, which is why this epidemic is still spreading around the world.
But now, people are gradually returning to normal life. But an even bigger piece of bad news comes from the destruction of wildlife habitats due to climate change. This makes the habitat of many wild animals overlap with that of humans. This increases the chances of zoonosis. Perhaps in the future, we will need to deal with more complex infectious diseases. The situation will be more complicated then. [3] So are we really ready for the next pandemic? What exactly should we learn from this outbreak?
In this case, the FAFU’s answer is that we should detect outbreaks in a region early and intervene early.
inspiration
Sewage epidemiology
Through the detection of pathogens in sewage, people can predict the potential epidemic hazards that may break out in the city. In Japan and Israel, poliovirus, hepatitis virus and norovirus were detected in the sewage, which prevented the outbreak of the epidemic at the early stage of the outbreak. Some studies have shown that the COVID-19 will also infect the small intestinal epithelial cells [4], causing diarrhea in infected people. These viruses will be discharged into the urban sewage treatment system with domestic sewage.
At the time of the new outbreak, sewage epidemiology has also been applied to the early warning and dynamic monitoring of local epidemics. In the Netherlands and Spain, viral RNA was detected in sewage more than ten days earlier than the actual diagnosis of patient [5] In a study in France, the researchers conducted four relatively uniform tests in Paris, and the results showed a good linear correlation with the local actual trend of new crowns. [6] This proves that we can use the relevant markers in sewage to predict the epidemic trend in local areas.
However, the current sewage epidemiological testing still needs to rely on manual sampling and testing. A lot of manpower and material resources are consumed. Therefore, we want to develop a device that can sample, test and report by itself. To reduce the burden of epidemic prevention and control.
ACE2和spike
Combined with the theory of sewage epidemiology and the background of the current COVID-19 pandemic, we hope to find a protein that can combine with the COVID-19, so that it can be used as the anchor protein on the sewage epidemic theory device, so as to capture the COVID-19 in the sewage. So we read a lot of literature and determined that ace2 in human body has binding capacity with the S1 subunit of the RBD domain of the COVID-19 [7]. But the flow rate of sewage is too fast, and we are afraid that we cannot detect the presence of the COVID-19 in a short contact reaction time. So we want to modify the original ace2 protein so that it can have a stronger binding capacity with the COVID-19. Through reading the literature, We found that N82 on ace2 protein is more closely contacted with F486 of SARS CoV-2 S protein than M82 of ACE2 [8]. So we imagine whether we can enhance the original ace2 protein by point mutation, so that it can have strong binding ability with the s1 protein subunit of the COVID-19.
random peptide library Because there are many substances in the sewage, we can't be sure that what binds to ace2 is the COVID-19 s1 protein subunit, so we hope to find more proteins that can strongly bind to the COVID-19 s1 protein subunit for re verification. Based on this idea, we want to build a protein short peptide library [9], and then use the COVID-19 s1 protein subunit for screening, A variety of protein short peptides that can strongly bind to it were found.
reference
1.Liu Suihan, Du Yukai, Gan Yong, Peng Songxu. Factors influencing social support in Chinese population under the background of COVID-19 [J]. Chin J Sociomedin, 222,39(04):408-411.
2.Zhang Q, Guo HL, Wang J, Zhang Y, Deng PJ, Li FF. Structural Genomic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses. Front Genet. 2022 Apr 8;13:801902. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.801902. PMID: 35464844; PMCID: PMC9024071.
3.Mora C, McKenzie T, Gaw IM, Dean JM, von Hammerstein H, Knudson TA, Setter RO, Smith CZ, Webster KM, Patz JA, Franklin EC. Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change. Nat Clim Chang. 2022 Aug 8:1-7. doi: 10.1038/s41558-022-01426-1. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35968032; PMCID: PMC9362357.
4.Gao QY, Chen YX, Fang JY. 2019 Novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract. J Dig Dis. 2020 Mar;21(3):125-126. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12851. Epub 2020 Mar 10. PMID: 32096611; PMCID: PMC7162053.
5.MEDEMA G,HEIJNENL,ELSINGAG,etal. Presence of SARS-Coronavirus-2 RNA in sewage and correlation with reported COVID-19 prevalence in the early stage of the epidemic in the Netherlands[J]. Environmental Science & Technology Letter,2020,7 (7) : 511-516.
6.WURTZERS,MARECHALV,MOUCHELJM,etal. Time course quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Parisian wastewater correlates with COVID-19 confirmed cases [J]. medRxiv,2020. DOI: 10. 1101 /2020. 04. 12. 20062679.
7.Gangadevi S, Badavath VN, Thakur A, Yin N, De Jonghe S, Acevedo O, Jochmans D, Leyssen P, Wang K, Neyts J, Yujie T, Blum G. Kobophenol A Inhibits Binding of Host ACE2 Receptor with Spike RBD Domain of SARS-CoV-2, a Lead Compound for Blocking COVID-19. J Phys Chem Lett. 2021 Feb 25;12(7):1793-1802. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03119. Epub 2021 Feb 12. PMID: 33577324; PMCID: PMC7901140.
8.Luan J, Lu Y, Jin X, Zhang L. Spike protein recognition of mammalian ACE2 predicts the host range and an optimized ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 May 21;526(1):165-169. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.047. Epub 2020 Mar 19. PMID: 32201080; PMCID: PMC7102515.
9.Yang M, Wu Z, Fields S. Protein-peptide interactions analyzed with the yeast two-hybrid system. Nucleic Acids Res. 1995 Apr 11;23(7):1152-6. doi: 10.1093/nar/23.7.1152. PMID: 7739893; PMCID: PMC306824.







