From 135c797ec5043604e4f2042f8d61da066317d592 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Devmc <dev.mcrf@qq.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Sep 2022 15:06:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] ihp
---
wiki/pages/communication.html | 4 +-
wiki/pages/human-practices.html | 259 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
2 files changed, 257 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
diff --git a/wiki/pages/communication.html b/wiki/pages/communication.html
index a4e1067..d6db4bb 100644
--- a/wiki/pages/communication.html
+++ b/wiki/pages/communication.html
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
</span>
<div class="half">
- <div class="left fst-italic" style="white-space: pre-line">
+ <div class="left fst-italic" style="white-space: pre-line; line-height: 1.7">
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@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
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</div>
- <div class="right fst-italic" style="white-space: pre-line">
+ <div class="right fst-italic" style="white-space: pre-line; line-height: 1.7">
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diff --git a/wiki/pages/human-practices.html b/wiki/pages/human-practices.html
index febeb56..7907acc 100644
--- a/wiki/pages/human-practices.html
+++ b/wiki/pages/human-practices.html
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
{% extends "layout.html" %}
-{% block title %}Human Practices{% endblock %}
+{% block title %}Integrated Human Practice{% endblock %}
{% block page_content %}
@@ -9,11 +9,262 @@
<div class="page">
<div class="container">
<div class="article">
- <h1 class="content-header2">Human Practices</h1>
+ <h1 class="content-header2">Integrated Human Practice</h1>
<section>
- <h2></h2>
- <p></p>
+ <h2 class="c-blue">1. Overview</h2>
+ <p>
+ Organ transplantation is the medical procedure that transplants an organ from donors to recipients in order to
+ replace a damaged or missing organ. It is widely applied to cure various serious diseases including uremia,
+ congenital heart disease (CHD), and end-stage liver disease (ESLD). To promote the development of organ
+ transplantation, our group aims to produce the immunosuppressive drug, rapamycin with a higher production rate
+ at a lower cost.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ In order to produce rapamycin that assists organ transplantation through biosynthesis, a thorough background
+ research is required. Thus, our group interviewed several experts to have a better understanding of what
+ technique we should adopt and how we should handle the market competition. During the interviews, suggestions
+ and insights from the interviewees were also noted by the group members. After we finalized our production
+ plan, a social survey regarding public opinion on organ transplantation was also conducted.
+ </p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h2 class="c-blue">2. Expert Interview</h2>
+
+ <section>
+ <h3 class="upper">2.1 Interview with Prof. Han</h3>
+ <p>
+ <b>
+ <i>
+ Professor Han, Wuhan Polytechnic University; Ph.D., University of Lübeck, Germany, with many years of
+ experience in coronavirus research.
+ </i>
+ </b>
+ </p>
+ <div class="imager">
+ <img class="rw-75" src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4281/wiki/ihp/t-ecnuas-ihp-01.jpg" alt="">
+ <span class="figure">
+ Snapshot of the online interview with Prof. Han
+ </span>
+ </div>
+ <p>Before designing the implementation plan, our group wanted to have a more comprehensive view of the
+ immunosuppressant industry so that we could decide what method could be applied to our project. Hence, we
+ interviewed Prof. Han, a well-known professor specializing in immunosuppressant research, for more
+ insights. </p>
+ <p>As was said by Prof. Han, the gap between domestic research and foreign research on immunosuppressants was
+ relatively narrow. However, the capability of developing immunosuppressive drugs in domestic medical
+ companies
+ was significantly lower than companies in foreign countries, which highly affected the domestic medical care
+ industry. Hence, our product as an innovative immunosuppressive drug is vital. </p>
+ <p>We also knew that immunosuppressants, with a high volume of sales, are commonly used in all forms of
+ treatment
+ from the interview. One of the immunosuppressants related to organ transplantation, cyclosporine, has been
+ put
+ into clinical use since the very early stage. However, according to Prof. Han, with more integrated
+ research,
+ scientists find that rapamycin is far more effective in suppressing it. Therefore, rapamycin gradually
+ replaces cyclosporine and now rapamycin retains its own unique place in the market, which is why we chose
+ rapamycin rather than other immunosuppressants as the main focus of our project. </p>
+ <p>He also pointed out that the synthesis process of streptomyces rapamycin was complex, requiring multiple
+ genes
+ to act in conjunction with each other, so there were many factors to consider when performing the
+ experiments.
+ He affirmed that the homologous recombination method we proposed for the pre-test was a relatively simple
+ and
+ successful way to increase the productivity of the final product by knocking out unfavorable genes that
+ limited the rate of synthesis. Prof. Han also recommended the idea of establishing a cell factory for the
+ production of rapamycin, like yeast which is commonly used for cell factories, which was adopted in our
+ future
+ experimental design and business plan. </p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h3>2.2 Interview with Dr. Wang</h3>
+ <p>
+ <b>
+ <i>
+ Dr. Wang, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Familiar with the synthesis
+ process of macrolides and common drugs.
+ </i>
+ </b>
+ </p>
+ <div class="imager">
+ <img class="rw-75" src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4281/wiki/ihp/t-ecnuas-ihp-02.jpg" alt="">
+ <span class="figure">
+ Snapshot of the online interview with Dr. Wang
+ </span>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>After interviewing Prof. Han, a cell factory by gene editing as the main production method in our project
+ was agreed upon among the group members. Thus, we interviewed Dr. Wang to have a better understanding of the
+ production technique of rapamycin in nowadays so that our group can improve the method we propose. The
+ interview also aimed to investigate whether the method we proposed is better than the methods currently
+ applied in the immunosuppressant industry.</p>
+
+ <p>According to Dr. Wang, the widely adopted methods were metabolic synthesis and organic synthesis of
+ rapamycin. Metabolic synthetic rapamycin by streptomyces rapamycincus could be obtained through purification
+ after fermentation, but it should be noted that the production rate of this method was relatively low.
+ Organic synthesis of rapamycin was not quite feasible either, due to the complexity of the rapamycin
+ molecular formula and the high difficulty of the rapamycin synthesis pathway. He confirmed that by saving
+ the cost of manpower and medical resources, optimizing the biosynthesis pathway would be a better option,
+ which was the method our group proposed.</p>
+
+ <p>During the interview, Dr. Wang emphasized production quality of rapamycin must meet the national quality
+ inspection standards. If it is lower than the standards, adverse effects like the impact and difference of
+ radioactive substances on patients would be caused which is quite dangerous. To ensure the safety issue of
+ the product, biological experiments such as tests on mice were planned to be carried out in the future (but
+ we will not conduct any animal experiments during the iGEM project). Experiments on animals were used to
+ rule out late negative effects. There might be splashes of genes and proteins during the experiment, which
+ might affect the animals through the digestive system.</p>
+
+ <p>In conclusion, the interview with Dr. Wang ensured that biosynthesis pathway modified by gene editing as an
+ innovative production method of rapamycin is feasible. Insights on production quality and biological
+ pre-test could also be drawn from the interview.</p>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h3>2.3 Interview with Mr. Ye</h3>
+ <p>
+ Aside from interviews with experts in the advanced technical research fields, our group also wanted to get
+ some empirical advice on business plans. Therefore, our group interviewed Mr. Ye, who is the product head of
+ a startup pharmaceutical enterprise.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ <b>
+ <i>
+ Mr. Ye, graduated from the Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Wuhan University of Technology,
+ worked for Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Group, and is currently working as the head of the product in
+ an innovative listed pharmaceutical company in Guangzhou. Freeze-dried preparations, liquid
+ preparations, Chinese medicine extraction and APIs, etc.
+ </i>
+ </b>
+ </p>
+ <div class="imager">
+ <img class="rw-75" src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4281/wiki/ihp/t-ecnuas-ihp-03.jpg" alt="">
+ <span class="figure">
+ Snapshot of the online interview with Mr. Ye
+ </span>
+ </div>
+ <p>Questions regarding the immunosuppressant market and regulations were raised during the interview. Our main
+ concern was about rapamycin industrialization and cooperation with biopharmaceutical companies, seeking some
+ suggestions to revise our business plan.</p>
+
+ <p>Mr. Ye mentioned that the drug efficacy of our product should be competitive with major foreign medicines
+ that were perceived as having similar clinical functions in the context of fair competition. Taking his
+ suggestions into consideration, in the following days we investigated the pharmaceutical market for
+ immunosuppressive drugs and discovered that Pfizer accounted for the majority of the market share. Thus, in
+ our business plan, Pfizer was positioned as the main competitor, and a comparative analysis was conducted in
+ terms of product efficacy and safety.</p>
+
+ <p>In order to improve and finalize our business plan, we also asked about the major challenges of biometric
+ technology industrialization during the interview. According to Mr. Ye, there were two major obstacles,
+ i.e., the bioequivalence test and the governmental audit. A bioequivalence test was conducted to test the
+ overall performance and efficacy of the drug, which was also called B1. To address this challenge, we
+ planned to cooperate with local hospitals and medical companies for a pre-test. Through corporation with the
+ hospitals, the doctors and professionals may apply our product for clinical use, which may bring more public
+ exposure as a way of promotion. Meanwhile, the governmental audit was held to give a warrant for the product
+ or comments regarding the reasons for declining the request for entering the market.</p>
+
+ <p>We also wanted to investigate the market preference on the way that drugs are given, such as by mouth,
+ injection, and inhalation. As was said by Mr. Ye, there were two ways to use immunosuppressants, which were
+ capsules and oral solutions. Foreign patients preferred oral administration because they think it was
+ relatively safe. However, some components of oral medicine would be metabolized after gastric digestion and
+ the relative efficacy was not high. Thus, in the Chinese market, people generally rather adopted injections
+ for it would be fully absorbed and take effect faster. At present, the majority of immunosuppressive drugs
+ were in the formation of tablets and capsules. Based on the suggestions from experts and market research, we
+ planned to develop injectable drugs.</p>
+
+ <p>Finally, we asked about the policy support or restrictions for immunosuppressants. According to Mr. Ye, the
+ central government and local governments issued corresponding regulations on the new medicine or generic
+ medicine and they provided high subsidies to the company. For example, in Shanghai, the sum of the state
+ subsidies and the local subsidies could cover 40% - 60% of the production cost. It could be concluded that
+ China supports the manufacture of a new medicine with considerable financial support. On the contrary, the
+ restrictions on the manufacture of new medicine were newly introduced, which needed to be reviewed by B1,
+ clinics, and the government. As for the immunosuppressants we have made, we assumed that the advantages
+ outweigh the disadvantages in terms of governmental policies.</p>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <h2 class="c-blue">3. Social Survey</h2>
+ <p>
+ To have a better understanding of the public opinion on organ transplantation and immunosuppressive drugs, a
+ social survey with 242 respondents was conducted online through snowball sampling in July 2022. To ensure the
+ representativeness of samples, we attempted to include people of different ages, genders, occupations, and
+ residential areas. Due to the pandemic and lockdown policies in Shanghai, it was the most appropriate and
+ feasible method to be adopted at that time.
+ </p>
+ <div class="imager">
+ <img class="rw-65" src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4281/wiki/ihp/t-ecnuas-ihp-04.jpg" alt="">
+ <span class="figure">
+ Figure 1. Survey result of Q3
+ </span>
+ </div>
+ <p>
+ As shown in Figure 1, the majority of survey participants do not acquaint patients who undergo organ
+ transplantation accounting for roughly 76.86%. Without physical contact or close relationship with organ
+ transplantation patients, it is hard to imagine they can be familiar with organ transplantation surgery. The
+ conjecture is proven by the data collected through the following questions on Q5 and Q6.
+ </p>
+ <div class="imager">
+ <img class="rw-100" src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4281/wiki/ihp/t-ecnuas-ihp-05.jpg" alt="">
+ <span class="figure">
+ Figure 2. Survey results of Q5 and Q6
+ </span>
+ </div>
+ <p>
+ In Figure 2, there were more than half of the respondents had no idea about organ transplant procedures and
+ few of them heard of rejection and treatment of organ transplantation. Per previous analysis, people have
+ difficulties obtaining information or knowledge about organ transplants if they or their surroundings had
+ related experiences. In general, it can be concluded that the general knowledge of the public on organ
+ transplantation is relatively inadequate. This result pointed out the necessity of our outreach to the public.
+ Thus, to promote our immunosuppressive product and gene knockout technique, it is important to introduce and
+ illustrate the concepts of organ transplantation and immunosuppressive drug to the public first in
+ communication and education activities.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ However, organ transplantation is a broad topic with a considerable number of complicated issues. In view of
+ the time constraints of the follow-up science polarization activities, the introduction of organ
+ transplantation needs to narrow down to specific aspects. Thus, the following question is designed to
+ understand whether the general public is familiar with transplant rejection, immunosuppression, and infectious
+ complication.
+ </p>
+ <div class="imager">
+ <img class="rw-65" src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4281/wiki/ihp/t-ecnuas-ihp-06.jpg" alt="">
+ <span class="figure">
+ Figure 3. Survey result of Q4
+ </span>
+ </div>
+ <p>
+ According to Figure 3 as a columnar analysis chart, it can be observed that most of the participants are more
+ or less aware of transplant rejection and infectious complications, accounting for around 82.64% and 67.77%,
+ respectively. However, it should be noted that the public awareness of immunosuppression, which is one of the
+ core concepts of our project, is relatively low with less than 50% of the people. Hence, the main focus of the
+ communication and education activities would be immunosuppression.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ After collecting the knowledge of the general public on organ transplantation, it is vital to have a
+ comprehensive view of the public preference for immunosuppressive drugs. Participants are inquired regarding
+ their potential concerns on issues like whether the drug is safe, cost-effective, and can be widely adopted.
+ </p>
+ <div class="imager">
+ <img class="rw-75" src="https://static.igem.wiki/teams/4281/wiki/ihp/t-ecnuas-ihp-07.jpg" alt="">
+ <span class="figure">
+ Figure 4. Survey result of Q7
+ </span>
+ </div>
+ <p>
+ As shown in Figure 4, the safety of drugs is the aspect that is more concerned by the people than any other
+ aspect for the number of ‘very concerned’ is the highest. Accordingly, safety would be the top priority in
+ drug development and promotion activity. In addition, whether the drug is cost-effective is also widely
+ concerned with 22.73% of people as ‘very concerned’ and 31.82% of people as ‘relatively concerned’. It might
+ result from the fact that most immunosuppressive drugs on the market are expensive for people with an average
+ income level. Thus, our group dedicates to lowering the cost of immunosuppressive drug production so that the
+ price can be set as more affordable. Although the type of medicine, the life cycle, and the universality are
+ not the top concerns, they will be addressed in drug development as well as communication and education
+ activities.
+ </p>
</section>
</div>
--
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